Tag Archives: Balwyn meeting report

Peru: An adventurous adventure

Balwyn meeting report: September 2015
Speakers: Val and Peter Fowler

So − you like to think you are adventurous. I know I did before I heard of Val and Peter Fowler’s adventures in Peru. I mean to say it’s one thing to go gadding around the world using real public transport, even going wild into Australia’s deserts for weeks on end, with all its risks. But that is nothing compared with travelling through a country like Peru, usually using local buses and taxis rather than simply going on an organised bus tour. It did have some advantages. They could stop whenever they wanted to get out of the taxi to watch or photograph some birds, much to the amusement or frustration of the driver. It had its disadvantages too, such as nearly being run down by a bus, almost falling into a raging torrent, and in some border towns, being under the very real threat of robbery. Furthermore, they had to carry their gear, with changes of clothing for the different climates they would experience.

But they did it ‘Their Way’, and they had a blitz of a time! And saw over 278 birds, far too many birds to mention here.

In 2013, Pete had three months long service leave, so they decided they would go to South America, spending two months in Peru. Val’s sister had been there and she gave them lots of tips and encouragement – not that they needed much, for they were experienced bush walkers and travellers. However, everyone they knew who had gone to Peru had either been robbed or knew someone who had been robbed, sometimes on three separate trips. It’s probably a vital National Industry. Because they were going to Peru for winter, and then to the Amazon they had to have several changes of clothing and had to carry everything. And everything stored had to be secured under netting.

Map of Route in Peru (Image Val & Peter Fowler)
Map of route in Peru

They flew into Cusco, and travelled to Machu Picchu and Manu, then south towards Bolivia and Chile, then up the coast past Lima to the Ecuador border. They were a bit worried about the altitude of 3326 metres, but Pete had no trouble there. He had been much higher in the Himalayas, although Val was puffing a bit as they went uphill.

Even in Cusco there were plenty of birds in the main square, unconcerned with the people. They continued to Aguas Calientes, the starting point for Machu Picchu. They were close to the edge of a cliff, when a bus came down the hill fast and very nearly hit Val. As she stepped backwards Val slipped and nearly fell into the raging torrent below.

River at Aguas Calientes (Photo Val & Peter Fowler)
River at Aguas Calientes

This was where they were looking for the White-capped Dipper and the Torrent Duck, that Val had only just avoided meeting underwater. However, they did see the birds above water, although they wondered how they avoided being swept away. They got to the terminus early, but there were already lots of people waiting for buses to Machu Picchu and they had to catch the seventh bus. Don’t be worried about the video cameras fitted in the buses. They are there just in case of accident; in case they can’t find you. Val and Peter had wanted to climb the mountain behind Machu Picchu, but only 400 people were allowed each day and it was fully booked. Instead they got permission to go to the top of Mount Machu Picchu. It took them three hours to get to the top (although they were continually being told it is only a half an hour to the top), and about an hour and a half to get down again. I suppose more birds got in the way going up! There was one guy who walked up the mountain every day, waited until the tourists had left, then came back down again collecting the rubbish the tourists had left behind.

Next day they visited an expensive hotel, the Inca Terra Hotel ($500 to 950 a night). Val’s sister had said that if they went in and said they were birdwatchers they would be allowed into the grounds. Although they were restricted to where they could go, they saw lots of birds in the beautiful gardens while the guests were out, sight-seeing.

They had booked (in Australia) a tour with Manu Wildlife Tours, owned by Barry Walker (British Consul General) and his wife, and had to make a final payment, but it was hard to find the place. It was finally found, looking like the back of someone’s house with lots of warnings about robberies. It must officially be a National Industry.

The tour took them first to see pre-Inca ruins near Lake Huacarpay but there were unexpectedly few birds on the lake; probably just the wrong season. In a market place there were piles of coca leaves that the locals chew to help with the high altitude; perhaps as well as everyday worries, for the leaves contain low levels of cocaine. The next stop was the southern most tip of Manu Forest National Park, a cloud forest only accessible to researchers. But there was good birding along the edge of the forest. From there they travelled past more land-slips and road-works to the Cock of the Rock Lodge, a site for one of Val’s important must-see birds. Val only got the briefest glimpse of the Cock of the Rock, until much later. However, at the Lodge Val and Peter were told of a humming bird that could not be identified. It was not until Val managed to get a photograph that they found it to be a humming bird hawk moth, behaving and sounding very much like a small hummingbird. It was a good spot for birding.

Cock of the Rock (Photo Val & Peter Fowler)
Cock of the Rock

On the way to their next stop they were happily held up for two hours by road works – a good opportunity for birding. Surprisingly, there was a party of American birdwatchers also trapped in the jam − who never got out of their car. Two hours later the tour arrived at at the Rio Madre de Dios, a fast flowing river that was quite choppy, with rocky banks. They were too late to stop, but saw lots of birds and a family of capybara churning up the bank like 4WD hoons. There were precariously placed houses on the riverbank that could have easily been swept away, and dangerous trees and logs in the water. They arrived after dark at the Romano lodge on the Manu River, which turned out to be much sandier and many birds were seen there.

Here it was obvious that some spots were more popular for birds and butterflies. It turned out that these was where the boatmen urinated while waiting for their passengers; you know − increased nitrogen, increased algae, increased water insects, increased vegetation, more birds. Just like the WTP. The Manu Wildlife Centre was very disappointing. Val reckoned that whoever produced the list of 600 birds there was flying on coca leaves, although there were numerous tiny black dots on faraway trees. There were, however, good paths and hummingbird feeders. Here they met the tapir that drooled as Pete scratched it behind the ear and under its chin. There was a clay, salt-lick that was very disappointing, with only a solitary common parrot visiting.

From there they flew back to Cusco and started towards the coast, past Lake Titicaca with its floating islands of reeds. There was a walkway, and paddle boats for kids and although there was a lot of rubbish there were still plenty of birds. But it was so cold at night they had five blankets and it was difficult to turn over at night. At one place, Val and Pete hired a taxi for a half-day trip to ruins with a nearby lake. The driver was amused that they were more interested in the birds on the lake, looking at his watch and anxious to get on. They visited the Colca Canyon, which is twice as deep as the Grand Canyon, and saw the Andean Condors soaring on thermals. When they stopped for lunch, Peter got blue lips and serious symptoms of altitude sickness and there was concern he could go no further, but given a cup of coca tea, Pete started to feel better. However, going over a high pass later, Pete still wanted to stop the bus to get a photo. He had no more trouble with altitude sickness. Instead, three days later in a plane over the Nazca lines, Pete was green through motion sickness!

While walking up the coast towards Lima, they met a guy staying at a hotel nearby. It was lunchtime so they decided to stop there for a sandwich lunch. They were startled at the price – til they realised the hotel was sister to The Hilton. Eventually they reached Lima on the sand dunes. There had been no rain for 10 years and all the water had to come down from the mountains. Here they saw a local girl being robbed – the local National Industry in action again. Val and Pete visited Kennedy Park, home to numerous wild cats fed by locals who showed clear favouritism for the prettiest ones. From there they travelled north to Chaparri Lodge. The Reserve (in photo below) was owned by the local community and employs only local guides. It was the first reserve sponsored by the 2004 British Bird Fair and was established in 2000, comprising 34,000 hectares. This was Val’s favourite spot on the entire adventure.

Favourite Place - Chappari Reserve (photo Val & Peter Fowler))

Then, surprise, surprise, at Chiclayo, Val and Pete were invited to a meeting of the 2nd bird challenge rally. This event was much more serious than any challenge count that they had been on. There were six teams: two from the USA, and one from each of Spain, Brazil, the UK and South Africa. There were six members per team and the leader had to have proven conservation experience. In addition, they had to give conservation plan advice to each local community visited. The winning team counted 636 birds in eight days and overall, 864 birds were spotted − 10% of the world population. While there, Val was given a bird book by an artist on a park they had not intended to visit. So they had to go there! Bosque de Pomac had pre Inca ruins and good birding with Blue-white Swallows covering the walls of the Sipan pyramids, that Pete simply had to get permission to photograph. In the ruins, Burrowing Owls took no notice of people – who incidentally took no notice of them.

From there Val and Pete travelled inland to Chachapoya where they hired a taxi (complete with a mad taxi driver) to go to Huembo, which was also sponsored by the British Bird Fair, but near where two British birders were murdered while looking for the Magnificent Spatulatail Hummingbird. This bird was on Val’s most-wanted-bird list and they safely found it.

Magnificent Spatula-tailed Hummingbird (photo Val & Peter Fowler)
Magnificent Spatulatail Hummingbird

From there they visited the Cerros De Amontape National Park, the largest dry tropical forest in the world. Val and Pete were aghast at the ruthless slashing of riverside vegetation for access by stock. What was worse, even their guide was slashing vegetation in the park, perhaps in the manner of an explorer in jungle that we so often see on TV movies. They were now very close to the end of their Peruvian holiday as they entered Tumbes, a border town between Peru and Ecuador, where they nearly fell foul to the National Industry. All they wanted to do was walk down the road to the nearby supermarket. However, as soon as their intention became clear they were stopped. ‘Don’t go!’ they were told. ‘You’ll be robbed before you get halfway!’

So ended what must have been one of the most interesting and exciting holidays Val and Peter had ever taken. Peter told us that he had spent a couple of months planning the trip using the Lonely Planet Guides, whereas Val looked at trip reports first. If you have plans to travel overseas, to even less difficult places, you would do no harm chatting to these intrepid wanderers. Even to Europe; I have been robbed twice in two separate journeys to Italy. It’s actually part of the International Tourist Industry!

Thank you, Val and Peter. I haven’t enjoyed myself so much for seventy years, since I read of intrepid explorers in ‘Boys Own Magazine’.

Illustration and photographs by Val and Peter Fowler

Contributor: Ron Garrett

 

 

Svalbard – Land of the Ice Birds

Balwyn meeting Guest speaker (and photographer): Andrew Silcocks
25 August 2015

In July/August 2014 Andrew Silcocks was lucky enough to be the bird guide on two Aurora Expeditions cruises in the Arctic Circle. Andrew grew up in Britain, and spent the early years of his career monitoring seabirds on off-shore islands such as Fair Isle and the Shetlands. He has been working for Birdlife Australia for 15 years on the Atlas project, progressing this to a long term monitoring program, with Melbourne Water on wetland birds, and monitoring the Australasian Bittern. Andrew leapt at the chance to visit Svalbard, islands which host large numbers of breeding Arctic birds.

Arctic Tern at Longyearbeyen
Arctic Tern at Longyearbeyen

The tours began at Longyearbeyen, the capital of Svalbard on the island of Spitzbergen. Svalbard is an archipelago to the east of Greenland, of which Spitzbergen is the largest island. It is governed by Norway. Being well in the Arctic Circle the pack ice report is of daily interest summer and winter. Longyearbeyen, on a westerly fjord and with a population of 2000-2500 mainly Norwegian permanent residents, stays largely ice free during the winter due to the warm gulfstream affecting the west coast. Historically the northern and eastern passages around Svalbard are completely blocked by ice in winter; global warming is having an alarming impact on extent of pack ice, with summer cruises having to sail much further north to reach polar bear territory.

Ivory Gull at Longyearbeyen
Ivory Gull at Longyearbeyen

Another township, Barentsburg, has a largely Russian population of approximately 500. Both settlements mine coal, not very profitably but probably enough for heating and electricity. There are few roads, most people getting about on snowmobiles. Dog sleds seem to be almost exclusively for tourists. Out of town polar bears are a real danger, and there are warning signs everywhere. Someone even got bailed up in a toilet block by a prowling bear.

Ten to 12 cruise ships ply the waters around Svalbard each summer, varying in size and luxury. Andrew’s ship, the Polar Pioneer, crewed by Russians, is marketed to the budget traveller. The food was basic but there was plenty of it. The tour leader was a Swiss; Andrew shared the guiding with another naturalist. In addition Andrew’s expertise had to include botany, manning the zodiacs and serving at the bar. Luckily he found that many arctic plants are similar to those in Scotland; probably the drinks too!

The Polar Pioneer departed from Longyearbeyen and headed west on a typical deep fjord towards the ocean. In July, high summer, the hills are still snow-capped and exposed tundra runs down to gravelly beaches. The ship sailed anti-clockwise around the islands of Svalbard towards Kvitoya Island about 70km off the north-east tip.

Calving glacier front
Calving glacier front

In a typical summer the polar ice cap reaches south to Kvitoya, bringing a chance to see the top prize, polar bears. 2014 was ideal to go ashore and explore; every landing party had to be accompanied by two guides carrying flares and a loaded rifle. They encountered polar bears but generally they were indifferent to humans; a few were curious. Andrew reported that in 2015 the ice cap has receded to perhaps 100km further north, and the cruise ships would have had to travel much further to see polar bears on the pack ice. The effects of global warming are a worry for the tourist economy of Svalbard.

During the ten day trip, the participants were taken on expeditions in the zodiacs generally both morning and afternoon. They cruised by cliffs at the melting edge of glaciers, and they landed on beaches, walked close to colonies of walrus and seals, or climbed up slopes to view the distant horizons. July was better than August for birds as a lot depart as soon as they have finished breeding.

Polar Bear threatening Brünnich’s Guillemotor
Polar Bear threatening Brünnich’s Guillemotor

They cruised by the 100 metre high rock cliffs of Alkefjellet where the ledges were crowded with breeding Brünnich’s Guillemot. These birds are powerful swimmers which have been seen as deep as 200 metres. They also may fly 40-50 km to their feeding grounds. Glaucous Gulls and Arctic Skuas were ever present looking for weak or unattended chicks and eggs.

Andrew showed us a marvellous gallery of ice birds. Black Guillemot with their flashy red feet and doing their display dance. Atlantic Puffin with clown-like faces, which exchange boulders for burrows in Svalbard due to the permafrost.

Black Guillemot with red feet
Black Guillemot with red feet

Little bigger than a starling, Little Auks nest in huge colonies approaching 30 million birds, skittish, with squeaky calls and lots of co-preening. The champion Arctic Tern has the longest migration of any bird, from the Arctic to Antarctica. Northern Fulmar stayed with the ship. Arctic Jaeger were breeding on the tundra. The Black-legged Kittiwake is a small gull which only comes ashore to breed. They are very approachable. A target bird and hard to spot was the Ivory Gull – Andrew showed its snowy features. Waders were not common; Purple Sandpiper was highest in number, also Dunlin. The female Grey Phalarope was stunning with her bright plumage. Others birds seen were Barnacle Geese, King Eider, Snow Bunting and Ptarmigan, the only bird which does not leave Svalbard in winter.

Little Auk
Little Auk

If you are a keen botanist there is much to delight on these islands, many blooming in the 24hour daylight during the short summer. If you are the slightest bit interested in an Arctic cruise, Andrew revealed that these older ships are likely to be taken out of service in a year or so, and then what? Higher fees? In 2016 Birdlife Australia is planning three trips with Aurora Expeditions: two to the Arctic and one to the Antarctic. Some lucky staff member from headquarters in Carlton will be the bird guide. An attractive idea and well worth considering.

Volunteering as Assistant Ranger at Gluepot Reserve

Birdlife Melbourne Member’s Choice Report

28 July 2015

One of Birdlife Melbourne’s committee members, Susan Pepper, took a sea change in 2014. Or desert change? She took a redundancy package from her desk-based job, and hearing an earlier Member’s Choice segment on volunteering at Gluepot, Susan took the plunge and signed up for four months as an Assistant Ranger. Brave move. She had never been to Gluepot before. She loved it. And the experience inspired poetry which she read to us as well as relating what tasks she did.

A building adjacent to the visitor information centre has been earmarked as a library. The BOCA library contents were transported to Gluepot, and Susan, with some previous library experience, had the task of turning an empty shell/shed into a welcoming resource. Firstly she constructed shelving for the two long walls from flat-pack kits. Susan then shelved all the books, catalogued and relabelled every item. Tables and chairs have been added, plus computer terminals, and the finished library is a magnificent resource for visitors, students and visiting scientists. It also provides a delicious air-conditioned space to sit in summer.

The new Gluepot library. Photo by Susan Pepper
The new Gluepot library. Photo by Susan Pepper

Susan also had outdoor activities. She tended the vegetable garden and did lots of weeding around the homestead area. She learned about laying fox bait and checking electric fences. It was spring and the birdlife was enthralling; nests and nestlings in all directions. Susan found the total immersion experience at Gluepot very rewarding, and would recommend it highly.

Contributor: Daphne Hards

Pizzey and Knight: Birds of Australia-Digital Edition

Birdlife Melbourne Balwyn Meeting Report

28 July 2015

There are three Pizzey and Knight digital editions and we were honoured to welcome Guy Gibbon, the producer of these on-line tools, to demonstrate the numerous features of each. Guy’s company, Gibbon Multimedia, has previously produced the RSPB Birds of Britain and Ireland Digital Edition, and Robert’s Multimedia Birds of South Africa. I was the perfect audience as I have not purchased yet, and it was an ideal introduction. If you also have not bought the Pizzey and Knight Birds of Australia digital edition and want more detail, I found that Guy has set up a superb on-line tour.

The three apps are tailored to the equipment you wish to use it on. One is for Windows PC, one for iPhone and iPad, and one for android phones. Unfortunately you cannot buy one and hope to use it on your PC and iPhone. They are uniquely programmed for the product you choose to use. However the features on each are virtually the same.

The Windows PC program opens with a menu page:

Menu page
Menu page

Guy said that the Introduction is much like the book introduction.

The Field Guide shows pages from the book edition, showing family groupings. One can scroll through the bird list down the left margin, select a species to display the text and distribution map of that bird, and listen to their call. Photographs are also given.

The Bird Guide pages –example below – give all the available details of each species, including pictures, calls, maps and photographs. The maps are colour coded to show resident status, breeding and migration. A status bar indicates the breeding cycle. One can focus on rare bird species; a map showing individual sightings.

Example Bird Guide page
Example Bird Guide page

Similar Birds will display similar species side by side, with maps, photographs, text and calls also available.

It strikes me that Identification works like a key guide. The identification of an unknown bird narrows as you progress through selections of map location, habitat, body shape and plumage. The program then selects and displays a shortlist of possible species. One can eliminate the improbable ones, and switch to Bird Guide for the fine detail.

In My Location you can generate a bird list for your birding spot, selected on an interactive map. Besides a spot location one can select a road/walk journey. You can also overlay distribution maps to see if you are likely to see a certain bird, but it does not incorporate rare species.

With My Lists one can generate your personal sighting records. One can record a large amount of information about the site (e.g. name, date, GPS co-ordinates and altitude) and about the species (e.g. gender, age, seen, heard, etc.). One can make different lists for the same site.

The Birding Sites module can display on a map 250 top birding spots in Australia, each with their bird list. The map is fully interactive, so it will show locations for a target species including rarities; and one can generate and edit your own birding sites, add photos and notes.

Habitat gives detailed descriptions on Australian habitats, an interactive map, typical birds and one can generate a bird list. You can enjoy a slide show of a habitat as well as watch a parade of associated birds.

There is much, much more to this software. The two smart phone apps are very similar in content, as I said before, and I can recommend having a look at information available on line. I for one am going to get this off to the blog and then buy my copy.

Screens from smart phone app
Screens from smart phone app

All illustrations were kindly supplied by Guy Gibbon.

Contributor: Daphne Hards

Balwyn Meeting Member’s Topic: Lake Mývatn, Iceland

May 2015

Speaker: Bill Ramsay

Last July, Bill and Shirley spent eight nights in Iceland and visited Lake Mývatn, and Bill talked about some of the birds they saw less than 100km from the Arctic Circle. They found the scenery spectacular, with lots of geothermal activity and a couple of geothermal power stations. There were lava flows, volcanos and many trapped steam vents and thermal springs. Two thousand three hundred years ago a fissure eruption over a lake caused evaporation of the water beneath the lava and the formation of pseudo craters.

Photo 1

The lake is shallow and 37 square kilometres in size with an average depth of 2.5m and maximum depth of 4.5m. Black sand and rocky beaches border the lake, with plenty of vegetation for good nesting sites. And good food too. There were innumerable midges which, thankfully for Shirley, did not bite. The birds there were a mix of Northern Eurasian and American migrant species including the Great Northern Diver and Horned Grebe. The lake is the source of a fast river and they watched a Harlequin Duck chick surfing on fast water, apparently quite unperturbed by the adventure.

Photo 2

There is plenty of accommodation nearby but the lake and rivers are preserved, although there is a camping ground on the shore. Volcanos erupt about once in every five years. So the vulcanologists are continually having to come up with new names. Some of the names are so strange it seems they have simply placed a cat on a keyboard to come up with the next one.

Food for thought at the end of Bill’s talk: ‘Why do birds always stand on white rocks?’

Contributor: Ron Garrett

An adventure in Kenya – at last!

Balwyn meeting report, 23 June 2015
Guest speaker: Sonja Ross

In October 2014, Sonja lived a dream of her lifetime. At last she got to see Africa. Sonja and Geoff flew into Nairobi and were immediately rewarded with their first view of Superb Starlings in the airport car park.

Superb Starlings. Photo by Sonja Ross
Superb Starlings. Photo by Sonja Ross

Preston, their guide for the trip, was a specialist birder who had contributed to finding birds for the field guide. In the off-season he taught local students, free of charge at his home, about African wildlife. While on safari, they could only walk around the vehicles on a main meal break but even then only after the guide had checked for predators from a high hill. Being restricted to the cars reduced Sonja’s ability to photograph birds, especially the smaller and faster ones. Nevertheless, in just 16 days Sonja managed to add over 265 birds to her life-list and to photograph many of them. Quite enough to keep her audience enthralled.

Because of the heat at midday, they met their guide at 6.30am and stopped for lunch at about 11am. From then to about 3pm they rested or spent time with chores and managing photographs. But they were ever made aware of danger and were required to be back at the accommodation by 6pm. When the sun goes down, danger outside increases.

Sonja presented her photos in taxonomic order rather than temporal. This probably suited most long-time birders by helping them relate to the birds they had already seen in other environments. My personal perspective is closer to the ecology of the birds and other creatures so I would have been more comfortable in a traditional approach. But then my bird list is very small, although I have travelled widely in several countries. Whatever one’s personal preference, Sonja’s presentation was a very professional one, with interesting and quality photos and videos expertly presented and enjoyed by all.

There were so many photos that I can hardly begin to do justice to them. It will have to suffice for me to recall some that stuck in my mind. For example, there were the Sand Grouse that nest far from water, causing problems when raising chicks that need water daily. The males have special feathers they can soak with water and carry it back to their young. They might have to fly 50 km several times a day when rearing young.

The Crowned Lapwing was nicknamed by Geoff as the one with the Collingwood beanie, which then gave Sonja the difficult task of explaining to Preston what a Collingwood beanie was.

The Secretarybird is a raptor with long legs that it uses to flush from tussocks the snakes it preys upon, requiring very fast reflexes.

Vultures are fascinatingly ugly birds that have few feathers on their necks. Well, wouldn’t you prefer that if you spent so much time with your head inside a carcass?

And there was a Yellow-billed Oxpecker that enjoyed the task of relieving a giraffe and other animals of its pest insects, which they eat.

Yellow-billed Oxpecker
Yellow-billed Oxpecker. Photo by Sonja Ross

We will all have to await with anticipation the story of her next adventure, now that Sonja and Geoff are both retired – if they really have; after all, photographers never do.

Contributor: Ron Garrett

The demands animal agriculture makes on our environment

Balwyn meeting April 2015 report. Guest speaker: Oliver Hornung

I have worked in agricultural research or over 40 years, in the United Kingdom and in Australia, but found Oliver’s talk both interesting and informative, but also rather disturbing. My work had always been in a rather specialised topic of plant pathology, and I was quite unaware, not so much of the impact of agriculture as of the impact of animal agriculture. In those early days one of the major research projects in the UK was the direct production of protein from crop plants. It was well recognised even then that the production of protein through livestock was an inefficient process. Oliver’s well researched and referenced talk showed me, just how inefficient that process was.

Although he first showed that world agriculture used 37% of our land area, equivalent to that of Asia – that did not surprise me. Oliver then showed that 22% of the land was forest, 9% was grassland, 22% was barren and two or three% was urban. But he also showed that the large majority (70%) of agricultural land use was for animal agriculture, and that did surprise me. When the land used for the production of stockfeed (about 10%) was also taken into account, the land left for other crop plants was surprisingly much less than I had expected.

Most animal production relies heavily upon grain, fed in some kind of feedlot, but in addition, over 25% of fish production is actually used in animal production. Ninety percent of cattle, 98 % of poultry and 70% of sheep are grain fed. Oliver went on to show how much grain was used to produce one kg of the meat of different kinds of animals. For example, he showed that two kg of grain was required to produce one kg of chicken meat, four kg of grain to produce one kg of pork and 7-14 kg grain to produce one kg of beef.

Water is, of course, widely used in agriculture. Of the world’s water production, 70% is used in agriculture, 10% is used by households and the remaining 20% is used by industry. In his succeeding graphics, Oliver used a bath tub to symbolise 140 litres of water. To produce one kg of grain, approximately 3,221 litres of water is required. However, 4,300 litres was required to produce one kg of chicken, more than 10 times that is required to produce a kilogram of pork and the production of 1kg beef required 110 bath tubs or 15,000 litres of water. The production of a single Burger requires 2500 litres of water.

Waste production in animal agriculture is a major problem, especially in relation to water quality because it enters the environment in an untreated form. For example, 5,000 pigs produced the waste equivalent of 20,000 people and 5,000 steers produced nearly the waste equivalent of a million people. In the United States alone, 40% of the land area, and 56% of the water is used for animal agriculture. Animal agriculture produces 130 times the waste of the entire population.

Land is also a major resource in agriculture. A meal based upon pork requires the use of 3.12m square of land, a single hamburger requires 3.61m square and a chicken curry requires 1.36m square. In contrast, only 0.19m square is required to produce a plant-based diet. Overall, a vegetarian diet results in 50% less carbon dioxide than a diet based on meat, produces one third the waste, uses less than 10% the water and 1/18th the land.

People in developed countries consume 20 times the meat and dairy products above the world average, and that proportion is expected to increase. Although population growth has been steadily decreasing over recent years, the human population is still increasing, and there is no sign of that changing. Agricultural industry ranks second in its contribution to climate change. A major factor is that the production of methane is more serious than the production of carbon dioxide. Although it has been estimated that by improving agricultural techniques it would be possible to obtain net zero emissions of glasshouse gases by the industry. However, inevitable population growth will continue to make more demands on land and other resources used in agriculture.

Habitat loss is the most important single factor reducing biodiversity. It is responsible for 85% of threatened species, both plant and animal, and although attempts are made to mitigate the problem by replanting forest and bushland this only results in one tree planted for every 100 cleared. Queensland has the largest amount of forest remaining in Australia, but it also has the highest current rate of forest removable, and 92% of the cleared land is for animal agriculture. Nearly 80% of that land clearing on the east coast of Queensland results in increased run-off to the Great Barrier Reef and consequential loss of coral.

With regard to loss of biodiversity, high grazing regimes result in low diversity although numbers of some common species increase. These include Noisy Miner, Masked Lapwing, Crested Pigeon and Australian Wood Duck. On the other hand, light grazing retains more habitat diversity and so retains more bird and animal diversity. Under such regimes birds such as Brown Thornbill, various fairy wrens, White-browed Scrubwren and honeyeaters can survive. However, with the loss of any particular habitat, particular species must necessarily also be lost. It was suggested that most birds susceptible to habitat loss through grazing have already been lost. Personally I doubt that. Although habitat loss has been occurring for over 300 years, the majority of that would have been in the last 150 years or so, and it does seem to be a never-ending process. So many species seem to have small, localised habitats and have nowhere to go if those habitats are lost. That seems a bleak future for biodiversity.

But Oliver did not talk about human population growth. Man’s future on earth may be even more bleak. I personally suspect that, if we double our population over the next 60 to 100 years, as seems likely, we would need to double our agricultural production. Unless we greatly improve our agricultural practices, or reduce our demands on land, we will have no more new land to use thereafter. With our current population at about s billion, our maximum sustainable population could perhaps be as little as 50 billion. And we could be in sight of that figure within 100 to 200 years.

We must surely start to do something about that now.

Contributor: Ron Garrett

John Lewin and early Australian natural history art

March Balwyn Meeting Report
Invited speaker: Alisa Bunbury, Curator of Prints & Drawings, The National Gallery of Victoria

At our Balwyn meeting in March, Alisa Bunbury presented a talk on John Lewin’s art in the context of the early colonial natural history artists, with illustrations of paintings of the day. These were in part drawn from the Prints and Drawings Collection of the National Gallery of Victoria, which make up about one third of the Gallery’s collection. In that collection there are 16 plates from John Lewin’s Natural History of the birds of New South Wales, purchased with the help of the Stuart Leslie Foundation.

It was interesting to note that, by the time of the arrival of the First Fleet in 1798, Citizen Science had already been invented. People of private means, or sponsored by wealthy collectors, had become amateur naturalists, sending all kinds of Australian plant and animal specimens home to numerous collections in institutions and private homes throughout Europe. With this explosion of knowledge, there was also a need to disseminate the information and that required drawings, paintings and etchings.

In early Australia the artists were either ship’s crew or convicts who made the original illustrations, as well as copies; even re-copying those done by others. The early convict artists are grouped under two names: the Port Jackson Painter and the Sydney Bird Painter. However, styles show there were many painters, with much copying being necessary within and outside Australia in order to satisfy the very wide demand for information. Thus, errors were often perpetrated or introduced, and there is much uncertainty concerning the artist responsible for particular paintings.

The first illustrations of Australian natural history were made by amateur artists during Dampier’s first voyage, although on his second voyage in 1699, he had a skilled artist on board.

woodcut

Having circumnavigated New Zealand, James Cook sailed to the east coast of Australia in 1770, with Joseph Banks and his entourage of eight, including the artist, Sydney Parkinson, who made 130 sketches, but only one of a bird – the Red-tailed Black Cockatoo.

Professional artists working with bird skins included Thomas Watling and the London-based Sarah Stone, who was very talented, but the birds do not look natural, and the appearance was much determined by the way the skin was prepared.

Sarah Stone

John Lewin was born in 1770 and grew up mostly with the natural history of his time. His father William Lewin was a leading ornithological artist, although he had started a fabric industry in the East End of London. He produced a handbook of the birds of Great Britain, between 1789 and 1794 and painted all of the 323 illustrations of the 60 copies, nearly 20,000 watercolours. William was elected to the Linnaean society in 1791. A second edition, using etchings in place of drawings, was started by William and completed by his sons John and Thomas after his death in 1795.

Thus, John was an experience collector and illustrator, was skilled at etching, and had good connections with his father’s natural history friends and publishing contacts. Furthermore, John had already illustrated Australian birds as early as 1798, before he emigrated to Australia. For these reasons, the Colonial Secretary, the Duke of Portland, suggested to Governor Hunter that Lewin’s skills would be useful in the colony and recommended that he receive the usual government rations while in Australia. John was also sponsored by Drew Drury, who had an extensive collection of insects that already included specimens supplied by William Lewin in 1759, in exchange for additions to his collection. Drury supplied the equipment of collecting and storing insects and plates for etching, and 61 pounds ten shillings and sixpence. John also took with him printing inks and a small printing press, the first in the Colony. Alisa told us, however, that he actually missed the ship, and his wife sailed without him and had to cope for herself for 10 months until he arrived on the next ship in 1800. By the time of Lewin’s arrival, Sydney was 12 years old and comprised about 5000 residents of which 4000 were convicts.

Alisa’s slides clearly showed that Lewin brought a new level of sophistication to the art, for he was the only professional artist employed in the Colony. Initially, his paintings were classically of birds on a branch against a blank background, but with a fresh realism some 30 years before Audubon. This was because he was now making illustrations by direct observation of living birds (below right), instead of the skins he saw in England (below left).

Lewin

He specialised in the smaller birds, rather than the spectacular parrots and cockatoos and was elected an associate member of the Linnean Society. Thereafter he always appended the initials ALS to his name. His skill at painting birds was only matched by Bower but John’s prints were the first to be produced in the Colony.

John planned to produce all the prints of his first book on insects himself but ended up sending the plates to London to be printed there and combined with text written by Thomas and entomologists. Unfortunately, Drury died in 1805 and did not see the book. By that time, Lewin was receiving private and government commissions. In 1806, Lewin set out to publish a set of 18 bird prints by subscription. Once again he sent his plates to London for printing in 1808, rather than print them in Australia. However, the shipment of copies for Australian subscribers never arrived, presumably through some disaster. Some copies have survived from the English subscribers and four of these are held in Australia and two in London.

In 1813, Lewin made 13 copies of the 1808 book using a mix of trial prints and reworked plates. If he did not have enough copies of a particular bird, he replicated it in watercolour. Those prints, coloured by John and his wife Maria, show a freshness not seen in the commercial copy. Four copies exist in the New South Wales Library, one is in the National Library of Australia and one in the Natural History Museum in London. The one in the Latrobe Library in Victoria was purchased for five pounds compared with the last sale price of some $500,000.

John Lewin died in 1819, aged 49.

Alisa gave us a fascinating tale of the problems surrounding early colonial art, well illustrated with artworks in Australian and overseas collections. If we wish to see some of the original illustrations, we will have to be vigilant or lucky, for prints and drawings have to be rotated in order to protect them from light and there are many of them. She obviously enjoyed researching the early illustrations of birds, perhaps because she has a few relevant genes. After all, her parents were instrumental in having Yarra Flats declared a park. And she has recently purchased some binoculars!

Contributor: Ron Garrett

Microbats and urbanisation in Melbourne

February Balwyn meeting report
Guest speaker: Caroline Wilson

Caroline Wilson trained as an urban ecologist and has extensively studied bats, although she has previously studied Whiskered Terns on Mud Island and Grey-crowned Babbler habitat in north east Victoria. She is now a Project Officer studying woodland bird environments for BirdLife Victoria.

Bats fly more efficiently than birds; they fly faster and use less energy. This is because they have a wing membrane, less air resistance and joints in their wing bones. In fact, bats can out-manoeuvre owls. They prefer to nest in hollows in trees and, like birds, they feed on nectar and insects. There are over 1000 species in the world, from micro-bats to the large fruit bats. Their economic value in the agricultural industry is about $3 billion annually in the US, where farmers even put out nest boxes for the bats. Bats are important for long distance dispersal of seed and pollen, especially fruit bats along the east coast of Australia.

Microbats are the most common kind of bat in Melbourne, in particular Gould’s wattled bat and the Lesser long-eared bat. Although the sounds of most bats are beyond the frequency of our hearing, and can only be heard using bat detectors which lower the frequency of the echo-location calls, we can actually hear the call of the white striped freetailed bat. There are 16 species of micro-bats in Melbourne, and are found throughout the suburbs. However, as you get closer to the city, urbanisation reduces the number and species present. In general, the narrowing bats can fly better over urbanised spaces, can use artificial nesting places, and so survive better in built up areas. This is important in urbanised areas, where the numbers of trees with hollows have declined from about 22 per hectare to six per hectare.

Common Melbourne microbats. Illustration supplied by Caroline Wilson.
Common Melbourne microbats. Illustration supplied by Caroline Wilson.

Because Caroline needed a large sample size for her studies, she chose the Gould’s wattled bat, for it is the species most common and widespread. She chose three sites; the Royal botanic Gardens, a typical ornamental city park, with many exotic trees; and Valley Reserve and Blackburn Lake as examples of bush parks, with many 40-year-old native trees. Small radios, weighing less than 0.5 g, were fitted to the bats, using silicon glue, in order to to track the bats. The radios were slowly lost through grooming.

Because bats change roosts regularly, in order to reduce parasites and predation, the bats had to be tracked daily. A total of 135 roost trees were found, mostly within the parks and reserves, although at Blackburn Lake many were also found in nearby gardens, which often contained mature native trees. When a roost tree was found, characteristics (state of decay, diameter, height, species) of the tree were measured, together with those of sample trees within a 50 m radius. This was to see what was available for roosts, and what was chosen.

Bat roosts found in Melbourne. Illustration supplied by Caroline Wilson.
Bat roosts found in Melbourne. Illustration supplied by Caroline Wilson.

In parks, bats tended to choose cavities in decayed trees, especially beside walking tracks, which gave the bats more open space to escape into or hunt. Unfortunately, these trees are often removed during park maintenance. In the Royal Botanic Gardens there are not many decayed trees. Instead the bats use the eight cypress pines there, with deep crevices in the bark, and the dead fronds of palms. Such roosts are less insulated than tree hollows. In these trees, the most common roosting site was unusually low and much wider than the bat, making it more susceptible to predators and weather than usual. In the Botanic Gardens and in urban areas, where there are fewer preferred roosting sites, bats were re-using roosts more often than in the bush parks.

In order to discover what habitat features they are using, 21 bats were tracked over night, recording their positions ((GPS position, direction and signal strength) at 15 minute intervals. Bats foraged up to 1500 m from the roost site, preferring sites with a high density of trees and proximity to water. Thus they spent most of their time within the reserves, especially within the Botanic Gardens, where there is little green space and water within the nearby urban area.

How does urbanisation affect bats?

Six study sites of different degrees of urbanisation, were defined in terms of numbers of tree and amount of closed space (roads, buildings), with 10 observations within each. A light trap and bat detector was set up at each site.

Some 70,000 insects were caught in the light traps and identified down to order. In terms of biomass, there was a negative correlation with the roads (urbanisation), distance to water and urban light and a positive correlation with temperature and numbers of trees. The bat detector results showed that bat numbers increased linearly with insect biomass over the 60 observatins.

Caroline left me with many issues in my mind of these cute (I think of them as gothically beautiful) animals.

Dead trees are important for urban bats: Councils could help to conserve bats by trimming only those dead branches by walking tracks, leaving a safe part attached to the tree. The same could apply to our gardens with benefit for bats and birds.

Palm trees can be used as alternative roosting sites, as well as trees with suitable (rough or stringy) bark.

More trees mean more prey for bats (and birds).

Although nest boxes are used by bats, only six of the 16 species in Melbourne use them. There needs to be studies on designs suitable for other bat species.

Since preferred foraging locations have lots of trees near water, perhaps we need more ponds or fountains in parks, to provide more food for bats and birds.

Thank you Caroline, for a fascinating talk.

Contributor: Ron Garrett

Balwyn meeting report – Member’s topic

24 February 2015
The George C. Reifel migratory bird sanctuary

Rodger Scott told us that the sanctuary is located to the south of the city of Vancouver, just north of the US border. In the 1960s, George H. Reifel, the son of George C. Reifel, granted the first lease to the British Columbia Waterfowl Society for a bird sanctuary to be named after his late father. Ducks Unlimited Canada, an amateur hunting group, was brought in to assist with water management of the many wetland habitats on the site, and has continued to be an active partner in the management of the area. The provincial government supplemented this effort by establishing a game reserve on the adjacent intertidal foreshore. It is not uncommon to hear gunshots from the game reserve as you walk around the sanctuary, which caused Rodger some discomfort.

Map showing location of the sanctuary, just south of Vancouver
Map showing location of the sanctuary, just south of Vancouver

It was Rodger’s second visit to the Reifel Sanctuary, in which over 250 bird species have been recorded. Although it was cold it was sunny, making the weather good for photography. There were large numbers of waterbirds and plenty of bush birds, and he saw many new species.

The visitors to the sanctuary feed the birds. In fact, on entry one can buy feeds for the different kinds of birds. For this reason it was almost impossible not to step on them, and many are so tame they would eat out your hand. That made it excellent for photography.

Rodger showed us some of the birds that he had encountered, including Black-capped Chickadee, Chestnut-backed Chickadee, Red-winged Blackbird, House Finch, Cedar Waxwing, Song Sparrow, Golden Eagle and others, including his favourite Canadian bird, the Red-breasted Nuthatch.

Red-breasted Nuthatch. Photographer: Rodger Scott
Red-breasted Nuthatch. Photographer: Rodger Scott

Rodger missed a Great-horned Owl that had been unexpectedly seen in the open, looking down on people in a photogenic manner, but managed to see photos taken by others.

Each year, Snow Geese leave Wango Island north of Siberia and some 20,000 of them arrive at Vancouver in October, where observers with telescopes record their tags and numbers. These birds must like the cold, for they spend the winter in Vancouver then fly back to the Arctic for the summer.

Other birds Rodger talked about included the Black-crowned Night-heron, as well as the Blue Heron, a big bird, and quite a formidable predator. Apparently Blue Herons even eat prairie dogs. They split them with their bill, toss them into the air and eat them. The Sandhill Cranes also have a long sharp bill, so Rodger wisely kept well clear of them!

We all enjoyed Rodger’s talk but it does raise a question: Is it the traveller that makes the birder, or the birder the traveller? A good bet is both!

Contributor: Ron Garrett